Chemistry Unlocked: Exploring the Wonders of Atoms, Elements, and Reactions

Advanced Herbal Skincare Serum: A Science-Based Extraction Approach for Maximum Skin Benefits Dr. Navdeep Sharma Institute of Sciences SAGE University, Indore (M.P.) Introduction The demand for natural, chemical-free skincare products is on the rise, with herbal formulations gaining popularity due to their skin-nourishing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This blog provides a detailed step-by-step guide on formulating an herbal skincare serum using modern extraction techniques such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Maceration, and Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE) . Our serum will focus on skin hydration, brightening, and anti-aging benefits using potent herbal ingredients. Key Herbal Ingredients for Skincare The following herbs are chosen based on their scientifically proven benefits for the skin: Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) → Deeply hydrates and soothes irritated skin. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) → Rich in antioxida...

  Laboratory Experiments of B.Sc. II Sem BT/FS/CBZ   Dr. Navdeep Sharma Institute of Sciences SAGE University, Indore (M.P.)   Experiment 2 Objective: Synthesis of Oxime from a Carbonyl Compound                                                 Objective: To synthesize an oxime from an aldehyde or ketone using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH₂OH·HCl) . Materials Required: Carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone) – 2 mL Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH₂OH·HCl) – 2 g Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (10%) – 5 mL Ethanol (or methanol) – 10 mL Distilled water – 10 mL Ice bath Beaker (50 mL or 100 mL) Glass rod Filter paper & funnel Watch glass Ste...

Laboratory Experiments of B.Sc. II Sem BT/FS/CBZ   Dr. Navdeep Sharma Institute of Sciences SAGE University, Indore (M.P.)   Experiment 1 Objective: Synthesis of 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Derivative   Material  Required 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP or DNPH) Carbonyl compound (Aldehyde or Ketone) Ice bath Beaker (100 mL) Stirring rod Filter paper Funnel Principle The reaction between 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and a carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone) is a condensation reaction that forms a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative with the elimination of water. The reaction occurs due to the nucleophilic attack of the hydrazine's -NH₂ group on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon , leading to the formation of a stable C=NNH bond. This reaction is widely used for the identification of aldehydes and ketones, as the resulting yellow, orange, or red precipitate has a distinct melting point, which helps in compound characterization.   R 2 ​ C = O + H...